Researchers have achieved a major milestone in quantum photonics by successfully integrating complex quantum optical systems onto semiconductor chips. The breakthrough, described as a critical step toward scalable quantum computing and communications, demonstrates how once-lab-sized optical experiments can now operate inside devices no larger than a fingernail.
The research team has developed ultra-thin optical waveguides and photonic circuits that manipulate laser light and quantum photons with nanometre-scale precision. The technology effectively shrinks the massive optical benches found in research labs into a platform compatible with semiconductor fabrication.
According to the scientists, their prototype chip integrates microring resonators, beam splitters, frequency modulators, photon-pair sources, and stabilised feedback loops, all inside a single CMOS-compatible framework. This allows researchers to generate, split, and manipulate photons directly on a chip, performing quantum optical operations that traditionally required entire laboratory setups.
“This is a small step on that path — but an important one, because it shows we can build repeatable, controllable quantum systems in commercial semiconductor foundries,” said Miloš Popović, Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and co-author of the study.
“The kind of interdisciplinary collaboration this work required is exactly what’s needed to move quantum systems from the lab to scalable platforms,” added Prem Kumar, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
The new architecture builds on standard 45-nanometre CMOS processes, the same technology used in conventional electronics manufacturing, meaning these chips could be produced on existing industrial foundry lines.
Quantum optics is at the core of many emerging technologies, including quantum computing, secure communications, high-precision sensors, and photonic networks. Traditionally, these systems required bulky and costly equipment such as mirrors, lasers, and beam splitters arranged on large optical tables.
By miniaturising these functions onto semiconductor chips, the researchers have opened the door to a new generation of quantum hardware that is smaller, cheaper, and scalable for commercial applications.
This advancement could:
The integrated chip operates as a “quantum light factory,” routing photons through microscopic pathways etched in silicon. Using advanced microring resonators and waveguides, it can manipulate single photons for quantum logic and entanglement tasks.
The project’s greatest achievement lies in its compatibility with standard CMOS manufacturing, eliminating the need for exotic materials or specialized facilities. This compatibility means quantum optical chips can be fabricated in commercial semiconductor plants, dramatically accelerating research and adoption.
Industry experts have noted that this development could bridge the gap between quantum physics research and large-scale industrial deployment. By proving that high-fidelity quantum optical operations can be achieved on semiconductor chips, the team has taken a crucial step toward mass-producible quantum technologies.
Despite its promise, the field faces technical hurdles. Maintaining low optical loss in integrated systems remains a key challenge, as does the need for precise temperature control and photon stability. Many quantum operations also require cryogenic environments, complicating integration with traditional electronic components.
Furthermore, achieving consistent quantum coherence, ensuring that photons maintain their quantum properties through the chip, remains a major engineering and material science challenge.
Researchers emphasize that scaling from single-chip demonstrations to fully functional quantum processors will require new approaches to thermal management, photon routing, and hybrid integration with superconducting or spin-based qubits.
Quantum photonics is increasingly viewed as one of the most practical routes toward scalable quantum systems. Analysts project that the global quantum technology market could surpass $125 billion by 2035, with integrated photonics accounting for a significant share.
Governments and private companies are heavily investing in quantum research, with semiconductor-based photonic chips seen as a bridge between scientific experimentation and commercial adoption. The integration of optical systems into chip-scale hardware could allow widespread production of quantum computing and sensing devices similar to how integrated circuits revolutionized classical computing in the 20th century.
Future work will focus on improving photon control and reducing noise to achieve high-fidelity quantum operations. Researchers are also exploring ways to interconnect multiple photonic chips into larger quantum networks, and to integrate these systems with cryogenic electronics and quantum memory components.
As Professor Popović noted, this development proves that scalable, controllable quantum systems can be produced using the same processes that power today’s electronics.